Types Of Gambling Machines

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• Types Of Gambling In The Philippines
• Types Of Online Slot Machines
• Kinds Of Gambling

Purpose

This document provides guidance interpreting the requirements of the Bank Secrecy Act ('BSA') regulations¹ as they apply to the casino and card club industries in the United States.

Section A: 31 C.F.R. § 103.11 Casino and Card Club Definitions²

Question 1: What gaming institutions are subject to the BSA casino regulatory requirements?

Answer 1: A casino or a card club that is duly licensed or authorized to do business as such, and has gross annual gaming revenue in excess of $1 million, is a 'financial institution' under the BSA. The definition applies to both land-based and riverboat operations licensed or authorized under the laws of a state, territory,³ or tribal jurisdiction, or under the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act.⁴ Tribal gaming establishments that offer slot machines, video lottery terminals, or table games,⁵ and that have gross annual gaming revenue in excess of $1 million are covered by the definitions. Card clubs generally are subject to the same rules as casinos, unless a different treatment for card clubs is explicitly stated in 31 C.F.R. Part 103.

But in this particular article, we will speak about the most common types of gambling machines in casino gambling establishments. Usually, in casino gambling, offline or online, there are many different options to spend your money - blackjack, roulette, poker, and many other gambling games and gambling slot machines. A wide variety of gambling machines for sale options are available to you, There are 2,270 suppliers who sells gambling machines for sale on Alibaba.com, mainly located in Asia. The top countries of suppliers are China, Taiwan, China, from which the percentage of gambling machines for sale supply is 96%, 3% respectively.

Question 2: Is a tribal gaming establishment that offers only bingo and related games considered a casino for purposes of the BSA?

Answer 2: No. FinCEN has the authority under the BSA to define as 'casinos' tribal gaming establishments that offer only bingo and related games. Nevertheless, in addressing the treatment of tribal gaming under the BSA, we have indicated that 'activities such as bingo . . . are not generally offered in casino-like settings and may create different problems for law enforcement, tax compliance, and anti-money laundering programs than do full-scale casino operations.'⁶ FinCEN does not view tribal gaming establishments that offer only traditional bingo (i.e., not contained in electronic gaming devices) and related games in non-casino settings as satisfying the definition of 'casino' for purposes of the BSA.

However, a tribal gaming establishment that offers both bingo and slot machines or table games, for example, would satisfy the definition of 'casino,' if gross annual gaming revenue exceeds $1 million. All gaming activity must go into the calculation of gross annual gaming revenue, including activity that standing alone would not transform an establishment into a casino. This is the same treatment that FinCEN applies to a state-licensed casino that offers poker (which is a non-house banked game) since poker and a poker room are an integral part of a casino operation.⁷

Question 3: Is a 'racino' considered a gaming institution subject to the BSA?

Answer 3: The term 'racino' has not been separately defined nor included specifically in the definition of casino for purposes of the BSA. In general, the term refers to horse racetracks that may be authorized under state law to engage in or offer a variety of collateral gaming operations, including slot machines, video lottery terminals, video poker or card clubs. FinCEN relies on the state, territory or tribal characterization of 'racino' gaming in determining whether an entity or operation should be treated as a casino for purposes of the BSA. If state law defines or characterizes slot machine or video lottery operation at a racetrack as a 'casino, gambling casino, or gaming establishment,' and the gross annual gaming revenues of that operation exceed the $1 million threshold, then the operation would be deemed to be a 'casino' for purposes of the BSA and subject to all applicable requirements.⁸

Question 4: Would a race book or sports pool operator that has a 'nonrestricted' Nevada gaming license be considered a casino for purposes of the BSA?

Answer 4: Yes. Operators or owners of a Nevada race book or sports pool,⁹ that are duly issued a 'nonrestricted' Nevada gaming license,¹⁰ and that have gross annual gaming revenues in excess of $1 million are subject to the casino requirements under 31 C.F.R. Part 103, as well as all other applicable BSA requirements. This would include a Nevada race book or sports pool licensee that obtained a 'nonrestricted' gaming license to operate a race book or sports pool on the property of another casino, or that operates a number of satellite race books and sports pools that are affiliated with a central site book.

Question 5: Is an establishment that offers only off-track betting on horse races considered a casino for purposes of the BSA?

Answer 5: In addressing the treatment of tribal gaming under the BSA, we have indicated that 'pari-mutuel wagering' should receive the same treatment as bingo when determining whether an establishment satisfies the definition of 'casino.' ¹¹ Furthermore, Class III gaming under the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act includes off-track betting on horse races.¹² In addition, in Nevada, an establishment that offers only off-track betting on horse races would need to obtain a non-restricted gaming license. In many instances, off-track betting on horse races will involve pari-mutuel wagering. However, pari-mutuel wagering also applies to sporting events. For purposes of the BSA, FinCEN views casinos to include establishments in Nevada and in tribal jurisdictions that offer only off-track betting, provided the establishments permit account wagering and provided gross annual gaming revenue exceeds $1 million.¹³ In many instances, off-track betting will involve accounts through which customers may conduct a variety of transactions, including wagers, deposits, withdrawals, and transfers of funds. As we recognized when addressing the treatment of tribal gaming under our rules, FinCEN has sought to apply the BSA to 'gaming establishments that provide both gaming and an array of financial services for their patrons.'¹⁴

Question 6: Are 'greyhound racing clubs' that offer table games considered gaming institutions for purposes of the BSA?

Answer 6: If a 'greyhound racing club'¹⁵ generates gross annual gaming revenue in excess of $1 million from poker tables (which would be akin to offering card games in a card club or card room type operation), and if the gaming facility is duly licensed or authorized by a state or local government to do business as a card club, gaming club, card room, gaming room, or similar gaming establishment, it would be subject to the BSA.¹⁶ Therefore, once the $1 million in revenue threshold is exceeded for such poker tables, all gaming activity must go into the calculation of gross annual gaming revenue, including activity that standing alone would not deem an establishment a casino, such as greyhound racing at the track, simulcast for other greyhound racing tracks, simulcast for horse racing tracks, or simulcast for jai alai.

Question 7: Are horse racetracks that offer pari-mutuel or other forms of wagering only on races held at the track considered casinos for purposes of the BSA?

Answer 7: FinCEN does not view a horse racetrack that offers pari-mutuel or other forms of wagering only on races held at the track as a casino for purposes of the BSA. We believe that, under these circumstances, wagering is integral to hosting the race itself. Horse racing as an industry poses 'different problems for law enforcement, tax compliance, and anti-money laundering programs than do full-scale casino operations.'¹⁷

Section B: 31 C.F.R. § 103.22 Currency Transaction Reporting Requirements¹⁸

Question 8: Is a casino required to provide identification information on customers who have conducted reportable multiple currency transactions that were summarized through 'after the fact aggregation?'

Answer 8: The process of checking internal casino computer information, rating cards, general ledgers, and other books and records after the end of the gaming day to find reportable currency transactions is sometimes referred to as 'after the fact aggregation.' After the fact aggregation of currency transactions does not relieve a casino of the requirement to file a FinCEN Form 103 Currency Transaction Report by Casinos ('CTRC') on reportable multiple transactions containing all information required when it has the ability to obtain customer identification information through reviewing internal records in paper or electronic form or through automated data processing systems. The anti-money laundering compliance program requirement obligates a casino or card club to use all available information to determine a customer's name, address, and Social Security number¹⁹ from any existing information system or other system of records for a reportable multiple transaction summarized through 'after the fact aggregation' when a customer is no longer available.²⁰ Also, for casinos or card clubs with automated data processing systems, programs for compliance with the BSA must provide for the use of these systems to aid in assuring compliance.²¹

Therefore, when a casino or card club cannot obtain identification information on reportable multiple transactions because a customer is no longer available, it must check its internal records or systems, including federal forms and records, which contain verified customer information. These records may include credit, deposit, or check cashing account records, or a previously filed CTRC form, IRS Form W-2G (Certain Gambling Winnings), or any other tax or other form containing such customer information. If a casino files a CTRC form lacking some customer identification information in situations described above, it would be required to file an amended CTRC with new identification information on the initial transaction if the customer returns and conducts new transactions of which a casino obtains knowledge.²²

Question 9: Is a casino required to use customer currency transaction information contained in the casino's slot monitoring system for purposes of BSA currency transaction reporting?

Answer 9: For purpose of the BSA, FinCEN does not view customer 'coin-in' and 'coin-out'²³ transactions at a slot machine or video lottery terminal to be reportable as currency transactions because they can represent so-called 'recycled' coin transactions (i.e., casino customers typically engaging in transactions deriving from the same coins just won at electronic gaming devices). If a casino were to use 'coin-in' and 'coin-out' information in its slot monitoring system, it would distort and result in incorrect reporting of currency transactions. However, when a casino has knowledge of customer 'paper money' transactions for slot club accountholders identified through its slot monitoring system, it must aggregate these with other types of 'cash in' transactions of which the casino has knowledge and which are recorded on a casino's books and records to determine whether the currency transactions exceed $10,000 for a customer in a gaming day.²⁴ When a casino has knowledge of multiple currency transactions conducted by or on behalf of the same customer on the same day, it is required to treat those multiple transactions as a single reportable transaction for purposes of determining whether currency transaction reporting requirements have been met. Therefore, the conclusions that apply to the aggregation of two or more transactions involving the insertion of bills into slot machines also would apply to the aggregation of such transactions with other categories of 'cash in' transactions.

It is not necessary to have personally observed the transactions; knowledge can also be acquired from a casino examining the books, records, logs, computer files, etc., that contain information that the currency transactions have occurred after the gaming day is over. Although FinCEN regulations impose no requirement to examine books or records merely for purposes of aggregating transactions in currency and determining whether to file a report on FinCEN Form 103, BSA requirements other than the requirement to report transactions in currency may obligate a casino to examine computerized records. A casino must report transactions that the casino 'knows, suspects, or has reason to suspect' are suspicious and implement procedures reasonably designed to assure the detection and proper reporting of suspicious transactions.²⁵ For casinos with automated data processing systems, automated programs for compliance with the BSA must provide for the use of these systems to aid in assuring compliance,²⁶ including identifying transactions that appear to be suspicious conducted by customers using their magnetic club account cards at slot machines or video lottery terminals.²⁷

Also, casinos should note that activities such as: (i) 'turning off the dollar counter' to prevent obtaining knowledge of reportable transactions (i.e., not using the feature that is readily available in its software program that accumulates U.S. dollars that a customer inserts into a slot machine bill acceptor while using a magnetic slot club account card), or (ii) requesting that a vendor remove a software tool or interface capability from its next software upgrade could result in enforcement action under the BSA.²⁸

Question 10: Is a cash wager/bet that is ultimately lost at a table game considered a transaction in currency for purposes of BSA currency transaction reporting?

Answer 10: Casinos are required under BSA regulations to file currency transaction reports for 'cash in' transactions, which include 'bets of currency.' For purposes of the currency transaction reporting requirements, a cash bet (referred to as a 'money play')²⁹ at a table game would become a 'bet of currency' once the customer can no longer retrieve the bet (e.g., once the dealer has dealt the cards). The cash wager would be a 'cash in' transaction for purposes of currency transaction reporting regardless of whether the customer subsequently wins or loses the wager.³⁰

However, money plays are exempted as reportable cash in transactions to the extent the customer wagers the same physical currency that the customer wagered on a prior money play on the same table game, and the customer has not departed from the table.³¹ Also, money plays are exempted as reportable cash out transactions when the currency used to place the wager is the same physical currency received when the customer wins the bet.³²

Question 11: Is a card club required to maintain and retain records of all currency transactions by customers pertaining to backline betting for purposes of currency transaction reporting?

Answer 11: Yes. The BSA requires card clubs to maintain and to retain the original or a microfilm copy of records of all currency transactions by customers, including without limitation, records in the form of currency transaction logs and multiple currency transaction logs.³³ This requirement applies to card clubs³⁴ that offer the practice of backline betting. Backline betting occurs when a customer, who is standing behind a seated player, places a bet or wager on the betting circle for a specific hand on which a seated player also is wagering. The extra players that stand behind each seat position are known as 'backline betters.' Although backline betting makes it difficult to track customer wagers at the gaming table, a card club must have a procedure in place to identify such transactions for purposes of filing a FinCEN Form 103 (CTRC).³⁵

A card club must have procedures for using all available information to determine and verify, when required, the name, address, social security or taxpayer identification number, and other identifying information for a person.³⁶ In addition, a card club employee or propositional player³⁷ who obtains actual knowledge (i.e., direct and clear awareness of a fact or condition) of unknown customers exchanging currency and chips with each other during poker/card game play in excess of $10,000 in currency, through a single transaction or through a series of transactions in a gaming day, would be required to comply with suspicious activity reporting.

In addition, the BSA requires card clubs to prepare a record of any transaction required to be retained, if the record is not otherwise produced in the ordinary course of business.³⁸ Therefore, when a card club employee or propositional player monitoring a non-house banked card game has obtained actual knowledge of a reportable currency transaction, he/she is required to produce a record of the transaction for purposes of currency transaction reporting and a card club must retain such record for a period of five years.

Question 12: Is a casino required to file FinCEN Form 103 (CTRC) on slot jackpot wins in excess of $10,000 in currency?

Answer 12: FinCEN no longer requires a casino to file a FinCEN Form 103 (CTRC), when it has knowledge of customer slot jackpot wins involving payment in currency in excess of $10,000 (e.g., through a single transaction or through aggregating transactions on multiple transaction logs, W-2G issued log). This BSA currency reporting requirement was amended by 31 C.F.R. § 103.22(b)(2)(iii)(D), which removed jackpots from slot machines or video lottery terminals from the definition of 'cash out' transactions.³⁹

Question 13: In the instructions to FinCEN Form 103, what does the word 'periodically' mean when updating customer identification information for casino customers granted accounts for credit, deposit, or check cashing, or for whom a CTRC containing verified identity has been filed?

Answer 13: The General Instructions to FinCEN Form 103 (CTRC), under 'Identification requirements' state:

For casino customers granted accounts for credit, deposit, or check cashing, or on whom a CTRC containing verified identity has been filed, acceptable identification information obtained previously and maintained in the casino's internal records may be used as long as the following conditions are met. The customer's identity is reverified periodically, any out-of-date identifying information is updated in the internal records, and the date of each reverification is noted on the internal record. For example, if documents verifying an individual's identity were examined and recorded on a signature card when a deposit or credit account was opened, the casino may rely on that information as long as it is reverified periodically.

As part of the requirement to establish an effective system of internal controls,⁴⁰ a casino or card club must determine how often it will reverify a customer's identity to update the identifying information in the internal record for purposes of currency transaction reporting. Given this requirement, it is a common business practice for casinos to maintain a 'known customer' file containing a customer's name, address and identification credential that it has previously verified.⁴¹ Accordingly, a casino or card club checks Item 27b on FinCEN Form 103 to indicate that it has examined an acceptable internal casino record (i.e., credit, deposit, or check cashing account record, or a CTRC worksheet) containing previously verified identification information on a 'known customer.' There is no fixed period that will apply to all casinos for all types of customers. The purpose of this requirement is to keep customer identification information reasonably current. Hence, a casino should develop its own policies based on its own experiences with how often relevant customer information, such as permanent address or last name, might change.

Section C: 31 C.F.R. § 103.21 Suspicious Transaction Reporting Requirements

Question 14: How comprehensive must a casino's procedures be for detecting suspicious activity?

Answer 14: A casino or card club is responsible for establishing and implementing risk-based internal controls (i.e., policies, procedures and processes) to comply with the BSA⁴² and to safeguard its operations from money laundering and terrorist financing, including for detecting, analyzing and reporting potentially suspicious activity. A casino or card club is required to file a suspicious activity report for a transaction when it knows, suspects or has reason to suspect that the transaction or pattern of transactions (conducted or attempted) is both suspicious, and involves $5,000 or more (in the single event or when aggregated) in funds or other assets. The extent and specific parameters under which a casino or card club must monitor customer accounts⁴³ and transactions for suspicious activity must factor in the type of products and services it offers, the locations it serves, and the nature of its customers. In other words, suspicious activity monitoring and reporting systems cannot be 'one size fits all.'

As part of its internal controls, a casino or card club must establish procedures for using all available information, including its automated systems⁴⁴ and its surveillance system and surveillance logs, to determine the occurrence of any transactions or patterns of transactions required to be reported as suspicious.⁴⁵ Also, a casino or card club must perform appropriate due diligence in response to indicia of suspicious transactions, using all available information. Please note that a casino or card club must train personnel in the identification of unusual or suspicious transactions.⁴⁶

Question 15: How can a casino complete suspicious activity reporting ('SAR') for 'unknown' subjects?

Answer 15: Since a casino or a card club is prohibited from disclosing to a customer involved in a suspicious activity that it filed a FinCEN Form 102, Suspicious Activity Report by Casinos and Card Clubs ('SARC'), FinCEN advises using internal records that contain verified customer identification information when filing this form. Such records may include credit, deposit, or check cashing account records or any filed FinCEN Form 103 (CTRC), FinCEN Form 103-N, Currency Transaction Report by Casinos - Nevada, IRS Form W-2G, Certain Gambling Winnings, or IRS Form W-9, Request for Taxpayer Identification Number and Certification.

If the above records or reports do not exist or if additional customer identification information is needed to complete the form, FinCEN advises casinos and card clubs to use any other records that may be on file which contain verified identification such as a driver's license, military or military dependent identification cards, passport, non-resident alien registration card, state issued identification card, foreign national identity card (e.g., cedular card), other government-issued document evidencing nationality or residence and bearing a photograph or similar safeguard, or a combination of other unexpired documents, which contain an individual's name and address and preferably a photograph. If casinos or card clubs do not have verified identification information on the customer, they should use whatever other sources of customer information are available within internal records, such as player rating records, slot club membership records, a filed IRS Form 1099-Misc, Miscellaneous Income (e.g., pertaining to prizes or awards), or a filed IRS Form 1042-S, Foreign Person's U.S. Source Income Subject to Withholding, etc.

If no suspect is identified on the date of detection, a casino or card club may delay filing a SARC form for an additional 30 calendar days to identify a suspect. However, a casino or card club must in all events report a suspicious transaction within 60 calendar days after the date of initial detection (regardless of whether a casino or card club is able to identify a suspect).

Question 16: Must a casino identify suspicious customer chip redemptions at a cage for reporting on FinCEN Form 102 (SARC)?

Answer 16: A casino must implement procedures reasonably designed to assure the detection and proper reporting of suspicious transactions.⁴⁷ Also, a casino shall file a report of each transaction in currency involving cash out of more than $10,000 in a gaming day in which it has obtained knowledge including the redemption of chips.⁴⁸ A casino, which is not required by state or tribal regulations to maintain multiple currency transaction logs or currency transaction logs at the casino cage,⁴⁹ nonetheless should develop an internal control⁵⁰ based on a risk analysis to be able to identify chip redemptions that were paid with currency from the imprest drawer⁵¹ to a customer⁵² that involve potential suspicious transactions to assure ongoing BSA compliance. Such an internal control would aid such casinos in monitoring chip redemptions for 'unknown' customers who previously purchased chips and then engaged in minimal or no gaming activity for purposes of suspicious activity reporting.⁵³ As a corollary, a casino should develop an internal control, based on a risk analysis, to be able to identify betting ticket,⁵⁴ token,⁵⁵ and TITO ticket⁵⁶ redemptions that were paid with currency from an imprest drawer to a customer that involve potential suspicious transactions to assure ongoing BSA compliance.

Moreover, the BSA requires casinos to prepare and retain a record of any transaction that is not otherwise produced in the ordinary course of business to comply with these regulations.⁵⁷ Also, records must in all events be filed or stored in such a way as to be accessible within a reasonable period of time.⁵⁸ A casino must retain such record of the transaction for a period of five years.

Question 17: What type of information has law enforcement found to have particular value on FinCEN Form 102 (SARC)?

Answer 17: Casinos and card clubs should note the type of information contained on a FinCEN Form 102 (SARC) that law enforcement has advised is the most valuable to them, and which, if missing, limits the effectiveness for law enforcement use.

• Provide complete subject identifying information, such as name, permanent address, government-issued identification number, date of birth, and casino account number.
• Identify the characterization of suspicious activity by checking Item 26 on the form and refrain from checking the 'other' box unless the activity is not covered by the existing list of suspicious activities.
• Prepare a concise and clear narrative that provides a complete description of the suspicious activity. The following are several things to consider when a casino or card club reviews a SARC's narrative (i.e., Part VI) to ensure it is concise and clear:
  • - Provides a detailed description of the suspicious activity.
  • - Narrative should not state, 'see attached.'
  • - Identifies 'who,' 'what,' 'when,' 'why,' 'where,' and 'how.'
  • - Identifies whether the transaction was attempted or completed.
  • - Is chronological and complete.
  • - Identifies the dates of any previously filed Form 102 on the same subject.
  • - Notes any actions (taken or planned) by the casino, including any internal investigative numbers used by the casino to maintain records of the suspicious activity.
• Include contact information for persons at the casino with additional information about the suspicious activity.

For additional guidance on providing a clear and complete description of the suspicious activity, see FinCEN's Suspicious Activity Reporting Guidance for Casinos.

Question 18: Should a casino or card club document the basis for its determination that a transaction is not suspicious?

Answer 18: If a casino determines that an activity is suspicious, it must file FinCEN Form 102 (SARC). However, based on the available facts and after an initial investigation, a casino may determine that certain unusual activity is not suspicious. Although 31 C.F.R. § 103.21 does not specifically state that a casino or a card club must document the reasons why it has not filed FinCEN Form 102 for a particular activity that was reviewed as potentially suspicious, it is an effective practice for a casino or card club to document the basis for its determination that the transaction is not, after all, suspicious.⁵⁹

Thorough documentation provides a record of the decision-making process (including the final decisions not to file a SARC) which a casino or card club would find helpful to: (i) assist internal or external auditors and examiners in their assessment of the effectiveness of its suspicious activity reporting and monitoring and reporting system, (ii) assist its internal review committee⁶⁰ in making future decisions on what should be reported as suspicious, (iii) train employees about what transactions are suspicious and which are not suspicious based on all the relevant facts and circumstances, (iv) respond to a potential law enforcement subpoena pertaining to a particular customer whose activity was reviewed by the committee, but considered not to be suspicious, and (v) if it has multiple casino properties in the same jurisdiction, ensure that reasonably consistent suspicious activity reporting risk-based analysis procedures are being followed.

Section D: 31 C.F.R. § 103.36 Casino Recordkeeping Requirements

Question 19: What specific recordkeeping requirements apply to a casino?

Answer 19: 31 C.F.R. § 103.36 requires a casino or card club to maintain and to retain the following source records (either the originals or microfilm version, or other copies or reproductions of the documents) that relate to its operation:

• Records of each deposit of funds, account opened or line of credit extended, including a customer's identification and the verification of that identification as well as similar information for other persons having a financial interest in the account, regardless of residency;
• Records of each receipt showing transactions for or through each customer's deposit or credit account, including a customer's identification and the verification of that identification, regardless of residency;
• Records of each bookkeeping entry comprising a debit or credit to a deposit account or credit account;
• Statements, ledger cards or other records of each deposit or credit account, showing each transaction in or with respect to the deposit or credit account;
• Records of each extension of credit in excess of $2,500, including a customer's identification and the verification of that identification, regardless of residency;
• Records of each advice, request or instruction with respect to a transaction of any monetary value involving persons, accounts or places outside the United States, including customer identification, regardless of residency;
• Records prepared or received in the ordinary course of business that would be needed to reconstruct a customer's deposit or credit account;
• Records required by other governmental agencies, e.g., federal, state, local or tribal;
• A list of transactions involving various types of instruments, cashed or disbursed, in face amounts of $3,000 or more, regardless of whether currency is involved, including customer's name and address; and
• A copy of the compliance program required by 31 C.F.R. § 103.64.

Also, card clubs are required to maintain and to retain records of all currency transactions by customers, including, without limitation, records in the form of currency transaction logs and multiple currency transaction logs.

Besides the above casino-specific requirements, there are other BSA recordkeeping requirements that apply to all financial institutions, including casinos and card clubs, such as:

• Records by persons having financial interests in foreign financial accounts;⁶¹
• Records of transmittals of funds in excess of $3,000 requiring the verification of identity, and the recording, retrievability and reporting of information to other financial institutions in the payment chain, regardless of the method of payment;⁶² and
• Nature of records, record access, and five-year retention period for records.⁶³

Question 20: What computer records must a casino retain?

Answer 20: A casino or card club that inputs, stores, or retains, in whole or in part, for any period of time, any record required to be maintained by 31 C.F.R. §§ 103.33 or 103.36(a) and (b) on computer disk, tape, or other machine-readable media shall retain the records in such media. Also, a casino or card club is required to maintain the indexes, books, file descriptions and programs that would enable a person readily to access and review these computer records. These computerized records, source documentation and related programs must be retained for a period of five years. However, the BSA does not require that computerized records be stored in on-line memory in a computer past their normal business use.⁶⁴ Nonetheless, records must in all events be filed or stored in such a way as to be accessible within a reasonable period of time,⁶⁵ taking into consideration the nature of the records and the length of time since the record was made.

A casino may not delete or destroy specific computerized customer gaming activity information (prior to the end of the five-year retention period), such as player rating records,⁶⁶ and instead only retain the more limited trip history records (which only summarize the total funds from a customer's multi-day trip and the most recent trips, usually between three and nine trips). Because a trip includes any number of continuous days of gaming activity in which there is not a break in play, the player trip history is only a limited summarized record that typically does not provide all of the information contained on the original rating card, such as the specific amounts of the customer's currency transactions conducted for each gaming day.

Further, the retention of computerized records does not relieve a casino from the obligation to retain any record required to be maintained by 31 C.F.R. §§ 103.33 or 103.36(a) and (b), which typically are the source documents (either the originals or microfilm version, or other copies or reproductions of the documents) of customers' transactions.

Section E: 31 C.F.R. § 103.64(a) Compliance Program Requirements⁶⁷

Question 21: How comprehensive must an internal and/or external testing program be to assure and monitor compliance with the BSA?

Answer 21: A casino or card club must conduct internal and/or external testing for compliance with a scope and frequency commensurate with the risks of money laundering and terrorist financing it faces, as well as the products and services it provides, to determine if a casino's procedures are comprehensive enough to detect suspicious activity.⁶⁸

The primary objectives of the independent testing of the BSA compliance program are to determine whether: (i) the program is properly designed and operating effectively to comply with suspicious and currency transaction reporting, identification, recordkeeping, and record retention requirements; (ii) there are material weaknesses (e.g., inadequate training) and internal control deficiencies; (iii) testing of the program is based on risk assessment criteria designed to focus on money laundering and terrorist financing as well as the products and services provided; and (iv) there is adherence to BSA policy, procedures, and systems.

FinCEN is aware that some casinos conduct internal testing for BSA compliance on a regular basis as part of their annual internal audit plan. The testing provides an assessment of the level of BSA compliance. The internal audit report typically includes the scope, objectives, and findings of the audit as well as a response to any audit finding indicating the corrective action to be taken, the target date for completion, and the department head responsible for the corrective action. Other casinos and card clubs may hire independent certified public accountants for similar purposes.

A casino or card club needs to take corrective actions once becoming aware of weakness and deficiencies in its anti-money laundering compliance program, or any element thereof, that could or did result in failures to comply with BSA identification, reporting, recordkeeping, record retention as well as compliance program requirements. Violations of these regulatory requirements may result in both criminal and civil penalties.

Question 22: What type of compliance training program should be developed and what types of documentation should be maintained by a casino or card club to ensure that it has an adequate, accurate, and complete program?

Answer 22: One of the more important elements of the anti-money laundering compliance program is the obligation to institute an effective and ongoing training program for all appropriate casino or card club personnel. Such a compliance training program should be commensurate with the risks posed by the products and financial services provided. Training should be provided to all personnel before conducting financial transactions on behalf of a casino at the cage (including casino credit and slot booth), on the floor (including table games, keno, poker, other floor games, and slot machines/video lottery terminals), as well as those responsible for complying with BSA currency transaction and suspicious transaction reporting, identification, recordkeeping, and other compliance program requirements. Also, a casino or card club is required to maintain, and to retain, a copy of the compliance program documentation. This documentation should include all casino records, documents, and manuals substantiating the training program as well as the training of appropriate personnel.⁶⁹ The requirement is flexible and allows each compliance training program to depend on the characteristics of an individual casino. For example, a large casino having many table games, slot machines/video lottery terminals, and cage windows might need a more comprehensive training program than a small casino with no table games. A compliance procedures manual for employees should cover all applicable divisions or departments (e.g., table games, slot operations, keno, poker), other operational departments (e.g., cage operations, casino credit, slot booth), as well as other departmental functions (e.g., accounting, finance, information technology, marketing, surveillance).

Also, recordkeeping procedures should reflect the types of financial services provided. In addition, the training program should ensure that casino front-line employees, such as cage personnel (e.g., shift managers), cage cashiers, front window cashiers (i.e., general cashiers), pit personnel (e.g., pit bosses), floor persons (i.e., raters), dealers, and slot personnel (e.g., slot supervisors, slot attendants, slot cashiers, change persons) have appropriate training to detect the occurrence of unusual or suspicious casino transactions.

Question 23: What does the requirement mean that casinos that have automated data processing systems must use their automated programs to aid in assuring compliance?

Answer 23: Casinos are required to 'develop and implement' written programs that are reasonably designed to assure BSA compliance with all applicable requirements.⁷⁰ Effective casino anti-money laundering compliance procedures should include identifying and using appropriate automated systems and programs⁷¹ for all applicable gambling operating divisions or departments (e.g., table games, slots, keno, poker), other operational departments (e.g., cage, slot booth), as well as other departmental functions (e.g., accounting, surveillance) to comply with suspicious activity and currency transaction reporting, as well as to maintain relevant records⁷² for casino accountholders.⁷³

Questions or comments regarding the contents of this Guidance should be addressed to the FinCEN Regulatory Helpline at 800-949-2732.

¹See 31 C.F.R. Part 103.

²See 31 U.S.C. § 5312(a)(2)(X) and 31 C.F.R. § 103.11(n)(5)(i) and (n)(6)(i).

³This includes casinos located in Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, St. Croix (U.S. Virgin Islands), and Tinian (Northern Mariana Islands). See 31 C.F.R. § 103.11(tt).

⁴The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act is codified at 25 U.S.C. § 2701 et seq.

⁵Slot machines, video lottery terminals, and house-banked table games would qualify as Class III gaming under the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act. Bingo and related games, including pull tabs, lotto, punch boards, tip jars, instant bingo and some card games, would qualify as Class II gaming under the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act.

⁶See 61 F.R. 7054 - 7056 (February 23, 1996).

⁷Id.

⁸A similar conclusion would apply to 'racinos' operating in tribal jurisdictions. Slot machines, table games, and similar forms of gaming would qualify as either Class II or Class III gaming under the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act.

⁹The Nevada Gaming Commission issues 'nonrestricted' gaming licenses to operators or owners of Nevada race book or sports pools. See Nevada Gaming Commission Regulation 22.020. A Nevada race book 'means the business of accepting wagers upon the outcome of any event held at a track which uses the pari-mutuel system of wagering.' See Nevada Revised Statute § 463.01855. A Nevada race book is a business that accepts wagers at fixed odds (or track odds) based on the outcome of the race that may be televised and displayed in Nevada casinos (i.e., 'simulcasting'). A Nevada sports pool 'means the business of accepting wagers on sporting events by any system or method of wagering.' See Nevada Revised Statute § 463.0193. A Nevada sports pool is a business that accepts wagers at fixed odds based on the outcome of certain professional and amateur athletic sporting events that may be televised and displayed in Nevada casinos.

¹⁰A Nevada 'nonrestricted license' includes, among other things, '. . . A license for, or operation of, any number of slot machines together with any other game, gaming device, race book or sports pool at one gaming establishment.' See Nevada Revised Statute § 463.0177(2). In addition, Nevada Revised Statute § 463.245(3) provides an exception to the prohibition against having more than one licensee issued to each casino. Also, see Nevada Gaming Commission Regulation 22.010(4).

¹¹See 61 F.R. 7054 - 7056 (February 23, 1996).

¹²We have already addressed a situation in which an establishment operating in a tribal jurisdiction offers off-track betting on horse races and other Class III gaming. See In the Matter of the Tonkawa Tribe of Oklahoma and Edward E. Street - FinCEN No. 2006-1 (March 24, 2006).

¹³This discussion addresses off-track betting in Nevada and tribal jurisdictions only. Off-track betting may not require a gaming license in other jurisdictions. The definition of 'casino' includes only those establishments licensed or authorized to conduct business as casinos.

¹⁴See 61 F.R. 7054 - 7056 (February 23, 1996).

¹⁵A greyhound racing club is a gaming establishment that offers the sport of racing greyhounds. Specially trained dogs chase a lure (which is an artificial hare or rabbit) around an oval track until they arrive at the finish line. The dog that arrives first in each event is the winner of the bet.

¹⁶See 31 U.S.C. § 5312(a)(2)(X) and 31 C.F.R. § 103.11(n)(6)(i). The class of gaming establishments known as 'card clubs' became subject to the BSA as of August 1, 1998. See 63 F.R. 1919 - 1924 (Jan. 13, 1998).

¹⁷See 61 F.R. 7054 --7056 (February 23, 1996).

¹⁸See 31 C.F.R. § 103.22(b)(2) and (c)(3).

¹⁹See 31 C.F.R. § 103.64(a)(2)(v)(A).

²⁰However, FinCEN does recognize that for certain aggregate currency transactions, a casino may not be able to obtain the required customer identification information because either the customer has left the casino and is no longer available or a casino does not have internal records which provide all of the required customer identification information.

²¹See 31 C.F.R. § 103.64(a)(2)(vi).

²²See 31 C.F.R. §§ 103.22(b)(2) and (c)(3), 103.27(a) and (d), and 103.28. Also, see FinCEN Form 103, Specific Instructions, Item 1, for filing an amended report.

²³Coin-in is a metered count of coins, credits and other amounts bet by customers at an electronic gaming device. Coin-out is a metered count of coins, credits and other amounts paid out to customers on winnings at an electronic gaming device. Therefore, coin-in does not include paper currency inserted into a bill acceptor (on slot machine or video lottery terminal) to accumulate credits.

²⁴See 31 C.F.R. §§ 103.22(b)(2)(i)(I), (b)(2)(iii)(C), and (c)(3), and 103.64(b)(3) and (4).

²⁵See 31 C.F.R. §§ 103.21 and 103.64(a)(2)(v)(B).

²⁶See 31 C.F.R. § 103.64(a)(2)(vi).

²⁷Furthermore, as discussed in FinCEN Ruling 2005-1, measures that a casino could implement in response to a risk-based suspicious activity analysis could include enhancements to the operating system for slot machines. The enhancements could consist of new software tools/interfaces and reprogramming. A casino could develop the enhancements or have a vendor develop the enhancements.

²⁸See 31 U.S.C. § 5321(a)(1) and 31 C.F.R. § 103.57(f).

²⁹See 31 C.F.R. § 103.22(b)(2)(i)(E).

³⁰See FinCEN Administrative Ruling FIN-2006-R002, A Cash Wager on Table Game Play Represents a 'Bet of Currency' (March 24, 2006).

³¹Nonetheless, when a customer increases a subsequent cash bet (i.e., money play) at the same table without departing, the increase in the amount of the currency bet would represent a new bet of currency and a transaction in currency being monitored by a casino.

³²See 31 C.F.R. § 103.22(b)(2)(iii)(B) and 72 F.R. 35008 (June 26, 2007).

³³See 31 C.F.R. § 103.36(b)(11).

³⁴The card clubs operate or run the games and earn their revenue by receiving a fee from, rather than 'banking,' the games as casinos do. See 63 F.R. 1919 - 1924 (January 13, 1998). 31 C.F.R. § 103.116(n)(6)(i) defines a card club as a card club, gaming club, card room, gaming room, or similar gaming establishment.

³⁵See 31 C.F.R. §§ 103.22(b)(2) and (c)(3), 103.28, and 103.64(a)(2)(i) and (b)(3) - (4).

³⁶See 31 C.F.R. § 103.64(a)(2)(v)(A).

³⁷A propositional player is a natural person employed by a casino or card club to play a permissible game with his or her personal funds. A propositional player is paid a fixed sum by a casino or card club for playing in a poker/card game and retains any winnings and absorbs any losses. Also, a propositional player's function is to start and gamble at a poker/card game, to keep a sufficient number of players in a game, or to keep the action going in a game. Some card rooms have entered into contractual agreements with so-called 'third party provider[s] of propositional player services' to exclusively bank poker/card games as independent contractors, which introduces issues with assuring day-to-day BSA compliance with maintaining currency and cash equivalent records. An individual employed by such a service is called a 'third party propositional player' who gambles with funds provided by such a service.

³⁸See 31 C.F.R. § 103.38(b).

³⁹See 72 F.R. 35008 (June 26, 2007).

⁴⁰See 31 C.F.R. § 103.64(a)(2)(i).

⁴¹Typically, these records contain the original method of identification (including type, number and expiration date, of the customer's identification credential originally examined) and the date of such examination as well as a photocopy or other reproduction (e.g., a computerized representation) of the identification credential. Some casinos maintain hard copy internal records and others digitized records containing identification information on a known customer.

⁴²See 31 C.F.R. §§ 103.64(a) and 103.120(d).

⁴³Types of casino accounts that would be subject to suspicious activity reporting include deposit (i.e., safekeeping, front money or wagering), credit, check cashing, player rating or tracking, and slot club accounts.

⁴⁴See 31 C.F.R. § 103.64(a)(2)(vi).

⁴⁵See 31 C.F.R. § 103.64(a)(2)(v)(B).

⁴⁶See 31 C.F.R. § 103.64(a)(2)(iii).

⁴⁷See 31 C.F.R. § 103.64(a)(2)(v)(B).

⁴⁸See 31 C.F.R. §§ 103.22(b)(2)(ii)(A) and (c)(3), and 103.64(b)(4).

⁴⁹Almost all casinos maintain multiple transaction logs ('MTLs') pursuant to state, tribal or local laws, or as unique business records. Casinos or card clubs record on these logs only currency transactions above a given threshold, usually $2,500 - $3,000. Also, some casinos have enhanced the existing MTL compliance procedure to require a surveillance photograph of each 'unknown' customer to assist in identifying customers for purposes of aggregating transactions for currency transaction reporting as well as potential suspicious transaction reporting.

⁵⁰See 31 C.F.R. § 103.64(a)(2)(i).

⁵¹Casinos and card clubs maintain cages where cashiers conduct financial transactions using a drawer that operates on an imprest basis or inventory. An imprest basis is a method of accounting for funds inventories whereby any replenishment or removal of funds is accounted for by an exchange of an exact amount of other funds in the inventory. The imprest drawer opens with a stated amount of currency and/or chips. Any subsequent additions or removal of funds in the drawer are accounted for by either a document or an exchange of an equal amount of funds of another form. Since chips and currency are fungible items no imprest records of these transactions are prepared or maintained.

⁵²For example, a known customer with a casino deposit (i.e., safekeeping, front money or wagering), credit, check cashing, player rating/player tracking, or slot club account.

⁵³See 31 C.F.R. §§ 103.21 and 103.64(a)(2)(v)(B).

⁵⁴A betting ticket is a written record of a wager for a race or sporting event. It is printed with a unique ticket number and is used to record the event for which the wager was placed. It includes the name of the gambling establishment, race or sport event (e.g., race track, race number, horse identification), the amount of the wager, line or spread, and date and time. The gambling establishment provides a copy of the betting ticket to a customer and maintains a record of it.

⁵⁵A token is a gaming instrument or coin issued by a casino at certain stated denominations as a substitute for currency and used to play certain slot machines or video lottery terminals. Tokens are most often used for denominations of $1.00 or greater. Tokens represent a monetary value only within the casino and are intended for the purposes of gambling.

⁵⁶Slot machines or video lottery terminals that print tickets are commonly known as 'ticket in/ticket out' or 'TITO' machines. A TITO ticket is a gaming instrument issued by a slot machine or video lottery terminal to a customer as a record of the wagering transaction and/or substitute for currency. Tickets are voucher slips printed with the name and the address of the gaming establishment, the stated monetary value of the ticket, date and time, machine number (i.e., asset or location), an 18-digit validation number, and a unique bar code. Tickets are a casino bearer 'IOU' instrument. A customer can use a ticket at a machine or terminal that accepts tickets, or cash a ticket at a cage, slot booth, a redemption kiosk, or a pari-mutuel window at the gaming establishment.

⁵⁷31 C.F.R. § 103.38(b) states that 'records required by this subpart to be retained by financial institutions may be those made in the ordinary course of business by a financial institution. If no record is made in the ordinary course of business of any transaction with respect to which records are required to be retained by this subpart, then such a record shall be prepared in writing by the financial institution.'

⁵⁸See 31 C.F.R. § 103.38(d).

⁵⁹See FinCEN's Suspicious Activity Reporting Guidance for Casinos, December 2003, page 4.

⁶⁰ Many casinos have an internal SARC review committee.

⁶¹See 31 C.F.R. § 103.32.

⁶²See 31 C.F.R. § 103.33(f) and (g).

⁶³See 31 C.F.R. § 103.38.

⁶⁴For example, for casinos that maintain computerized records, such as daily player rating records, markers issued records, and cage voucher records for each customer deposit, deposit withdrawal and marker redemption, they may store such information on-line in computer memory or in off-line storage media, such as magnetic tape, magnetic disk, magnetic diskette, CD-ROM disk, etc.

⁶⁵See 31 C.F.R. § 103.38(d).

⁶⁶See 31 C.F.R. §§ 103.36(b)(8) and 103.36(c), and F.R. 1165 - 1167 (January 12, 1989).

⁶⁷See 31 C.F.R. §§ 103.64 and 103.120(d).

⁶⁸See 31 C.F.R. § 103.21.

⁶⁹Such training program documentation would include any course outlines, the dates that training was provided, names of personnel who received training, any test that was administered, and the test results to allow internal and/or external examiners to evaluate the effectiveness of each training session.

⁷⁰See 31 C.F.R. § 103.64(a)(1).

⁷¹This would include gaming computer systems or other computer systems that interface with systems that track, control, or monitor customer gaming activity (e.g., a casino management system, a casino marketing system, a customer master file system, a credit management system).

⁷²See e.g., 31 C.F.R. §§ 103.21, 103.22(b)(2) and (c)(3), 103.33(f) and (g), and 103.36.

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⁷³Many companies have developed casino management system software capable of identifying and aggregating customer transactions that are associated with casino accounts such as deposit (i.e., safekeeping, front money, or wagering), credit, check cashing, player rating or tracking, or slot club.

In this blog, I am going to; research and discuss different platforms types, research the history of computer games platforms and discuss the development history of gaming.

The different platform types that I am going to be researching are arcade, consoles, PC, mobile and television.

Arcade systems are known as the oldest gaming machines that there is that are still being used now, although they are not as common as they used to be. An arcade game is a coin-operated entertainment machine usually installed in businesses like restaurants and amusements arcades. The most common arcade games are pinball machines, merchandisers (claw cranes) and video games. Arcade platforms were popular from late 1970’s to mid-1990’s. 3D graphics were introduced first onto the arcades and are known for the success of the gaming platforms we use today. Arcade machines had constant upgrades because of the advancement of gaming technology. The games that were played in arcades were getting more graphical, meaning that old hardware could not be used and new hardware had to be created. Some of the biggest games known in arcades are Super Mario Bros, Pac-Man and Donkey Kong.

Features:

• coin operation – some form of currency must be put in the game to start
• buttons and joystick controls – these are the controls which are used for playing the games
• standard screen with basic graphics – there was limited graphics as there were limited hardware and software
• one machine – one game only which was expensive
• range of different games

Limitations:

• you cannot play on-line with arcade games
• very large and hardware dependent – they are not very portable so they cannot be moved around like modern consoles can
• arcade hardware is old compared to other consoles as there is not a big market for hardware in arcades
• arcade games can crash a lot – old hardware is unreliable
• not many games are created for arcades anymore
• basic graphics (low quality) as the old hardware cannot keep up with modern graphics
• game cannot be changed it is one machine per game

A video game console is an interactive entertainment system that produces a video display signal which can be used with a television/monitor to display a game. Video games consoles have been around for generations, from 1960’s to this day, and they are still developing. Video game consoles have a huge impact on people worldwide as many people enjoy playing the games, it is one of the most successful and popular forms of gaming platform. A console game consists of images and sounds generated by a game console and displayed on a television or something similar. The game itself it usually controlled by a handheld device which is connected to the console (controller). Millions of people use consoles to play their games at the moment and this is because of how advanced they have become (in graphics and in harder). The new Xbox One console and PlayStation 4 are both proving that hardware in consoles is increase in quality at a very fast pace.

Features:

• consoles are easy to use – it is easy and convenient to insert a disc and play a came without installing or editing settings.
• consoles manage all files related to a game e.g. saving data or add-ons.
• there is no user intervention required to maintain and run the game – the console will automatically play it and keep it updated which a PC may not

Limitations:

• consoles are released with fixed components and software – the user cannot control, modify or update it
• specification of the console remains the same – if a new and better part is to be added or a component upgraded then a new model of the console must be made
• issues with older games can occur with a new model of the console
• as consoles have fixed hardware, games for a console will always be limited to what the console can play
• playing online – you are limited to the amount of people joining a game session, also, if players have joined your session they could be timed out due to each players internet MB size
• many of the latest games are single player and if there are only one or two controllers it means you are again restricted to the amount of players playing the game
• controllers with fewer buttons leave players restricted to the amount they can press or do

PC history goes back further than computer games starting from 1930’s to this day. When computers first became popular they started being used to help people work more efficiently which was a major step in technology. A PC is one of the most optimised and advanced gaming platform to date. Hardware for the PC is made by third-party companies and it can be integrated with each other to make a computer the best it can possibly be – meaning that the PC has higher frame rates than any other console and the graphics are much better. On a PC, games’ visual settings can be altered so that low-end computers are able to play games just as well as a high-end computer would without having lower graphics and slower frame rates. PC games allow the user to set different settings such as resolution and graphic detail to suit their machine for the best balance between performance and quality.

Features:

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• PC’s support digital downloads of games whereas some consoles do not, they required the games optical disc
• PC’s usually come with more hard disc space than consoles meaning more games can be stored without being stored externally
• Unlike consoles, PC has different hardware which allows extremely high-quality graphics, frame rate and other features

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Limitations:

• pricing of components – PC have multiple components that can be bought from third-party companies
• PC’s are very large which means they are not very portable – they cannot be moved around as easily as other consoles
• can be complicated – PC has a bigger learning curve when it comes to setting things up as computers are multi-purpose
• become outdated quicker than consoles – PC hardware becomes outdated very quickly as third-party companies are always competing to try to take the lead in the market
• high-end components often have to be configured by choosing parts yourself, which can be confusing for less experienced users
• offline/online
• RAM/memory – if the memory exceeds it means that it has reached its limit – you will have to get external memory or a better computer with more RAM

A mobile device is a pocket-sized computing device which usually has a display screen without touch or a small keyboard. With a PDA, the input and output are combined into a touch-screen interface. Smartphones and PDA’s are popular amongst people who need resources of a computer out and about. Enterprise digital assistants can further change the functionality for a business user by offering integrated data capture devices e.g. barcode and smart card readers. The mobile device is one of the most used platforms for gaming to date, this is because you are able to use mobiles out and about. Although the games on a mobile are not as advanced as the PC and console games are, they can be extremely addictive and are a good market. The most recent mobile game, that was released for mobile users, was ‘Flappy Bird’ which had over 80 million downloads in 2 months. Mobile games can be played on a feature phone, smartphones, PDA’s and handheld devices like the PlayStation Vita and Nintendo 3DS.

Features:

• portability – mobile devices can be stored in a pocket because of their size and they can be used almost anywhere
• most games installed as an app on a phone/tablet can be played immediately after download
• mobile games are often very simple yet addictive – as they are very simple they are easy to produce meaning there is a lot of games available for download

Limitations:

• the price of mobile devices – prices are going up and can even cost more than a console which means if you want a device purely for gaming then a mobile device is not the best option
• the hardware limits the size and graphics of the game – as mobile phones are compact and small they are limited in hardware. As the hardware is limited this means the development of the games/apps is limited as well
• 3D games are hard to run on the devices – because the hardware is limited this means that 3D games are not as easily run as a bigger device would run them
• the games and hardware are outdated extremely fast – mobile devices are constantly being created because of the companies competing in the market
• whilst most of the games are free, some games require users to purchase more items/levels – this is a major limitation as most users cannot experience the full game without purchasing these
• another annoying thing with mobile games is they can feature ads whilst you play, this can become a nuisance and ruin the game

Television is a widely used communication device for transmitting and receiving images, either black and white or colour and usually have sound. TV’s have been commercially available since late 1930’s. Television has now become interactive and users can play games which can be provided by a digital provider e.g. Sky by using the remote control, however users do have a limit to the amount of games they can play as some need to be paid for. TV games are not very popular as they are so simple. They are controlled using the remote control that is used for changing

channels so it is not optimised for gaming. TV’s do not have hardware that optimises games which limit what games are created on the TV’s.

Features:

• there are several plug-in and play consoles available – the player plugs a controlled to their TV and instantly plays the game
• it is quick to connect and to be played without setting up games or boot computer
• TV services e.g. Sky offer games as part of their interactive feature – all the user has to do it click the games option with their remote (no need to plug anything in)

Limitations:

• not made to run games – TV devices are created to present TV programmes, they are not focused on gaming so the games created are not as advanced as console gaming
• hardware limits game development – hardware within a TV device is not suitable for gaming because that is not what a TV is made for. The hardware is extremely limited which makes game development limited as well
• TV’s are very expensive – they can be more expensive than consoles so if you are buying for gaming purposes a TV is not the best to do so
• limited choice of games – TV’s will not usually support additional games added

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Gaming today is very different to how it used to be due to improvements over time. I am going to research three different types of gaming platforms and how each has developed over time.

The idea of plugging in an electronic system to a TV was invented by Ralph Bauer in early 1950’s. He then took his ideas to a TV company called Magnavox which released a version of his idea called “Brown Box” in 1972. The first, very popular home console system was the Atari 2600 (released in 1977). The Atari used plug-in cartridges to play many different types of games, including the popular game, Space Invaders, which helped make the Atari become the best seller.

History of arcade games – in 1909, SKEE BALL, the original arcade game was invented by J.D. Estes in Philadelphia and 5 years later the first Skee-Ball Alleys was sold to an outdoor amusement industry. measuring 36 feet long. In 1928 the size of the alley was reduced to 14 feet to allow for more of a diverse crowd of players. The original arcade games required much more strength to play. In 1931 came the first coin-operated machine, called Baffle Ball, which was created in Chicago. Coin-operated machines were considered as gambling so they were banned by most states at this time. When pinball machines were first invented they were referred to as “Games of Chance” (therefore considered as gambling) making them banned in some places like the Baffle Ball. In 1947 pinball machines, were designed with flippers to hit the ball so that the game was soon as a game of skill and not chance. These machines were found mostly in bars during this time. In 1971, Galaxy Game was the first ever coin-operated video game – it was installed at Stanford University in September. In November, Computer Space was the first mass-produced arcade game to be released. 1972 was the year of Pong – Pong became the first ever commercially successful coin-operated video game which was developed by Atari. Pong led the way to video games replacing pinball machines, between the years 1972 and 1984 more than 15 different companies began to develop different video games. In 1978, Taito Corp, released Space Invaders which went on to become one of the mot popular games of all time. Atari’s “Tempest” became the first arcade game in 1980 to use high-resolution colour graphics – between 1978 and 1982 the gaming business grew rapidly with the most popular machines bringing in hundreds of pounds a week with 13,000 arcades in America. 1981 saw the game Donkey Kong, which was one of the first platform games and the second game ever to feature multiple levels. Pac-Man is the most successful video game of all time, it appealed to all kinds of gamers, male and female, and become a phenomenon. In 1983, too many similar games were being produced which caused a moral fight against video games by concerned parents that nearly ruined the industry. The whole industry had gone from $12 billion to $100 billion in 3 years. The mid 90’s saw the industry slow down – however Konami released Dance Dance Revolution in 1999 after they saw a 260% increase in net income. During this time, most arcade games were fighters – arcade owners were worried the dance game would be too weird for the audience they had. This release, along with other similar games like Guitar Hero helped to improve the arcade industry again in the early 2000s. From 2000 to 2012 the arcade industry saw Strike Fighter, Mario Kart Arcade GP (Nintendo used built-in cameras to snap a photo to be used in the game), Deal or No Deal, Guitar Hero Arcade, Dead Heat Street Racing (this game introduced sharing scores through social media) and Big Buck Hunter HD (which came out featuring the ability to win a cash prize as well as sharing scores). 2013 was the year that saw 4D gaming with the game Dark Escape 4D – the horror game combines surround sound, 3D gasses, vibrations, heart rate monitor and blasts of air.

History of mobile games – next I am going to be discussing how mobile gaming has evolved through the years. In 1976, the Mattel Electronics Auto Race was released. It was widely accepted as the very first handheld electronic game. The game introduced the world to the idea of gaming “on the move”. It was taken over by several, more successful Mattel Electronics games such as Mattel Football which proved to be more popular. In 1980, Nintendos Game and Watch was released. The designer, Gunpei Yokoi, was inspired to create the game after seeing someone playing with a calculator to pass the time on a train journey. The first Game and Watch game was released in Japan, 1980, called ‘Ball’. The whole watch and game series did not see a real success until Donkey Kong was released – this version featured the first ever ‘D-Pad’ system which is still in use today. 1989 saw the year of the Atari Lynx being released. The Nintendo Gameboy was released just 26 days later than the Atari Lynx. The Atari was more superior than the Gameboy – it had a colour screen and the ability to link up 17 systems for multiplayer gaming, the Gameboy didn’t have this ability and it also had a monochrome screen display. Nintendo tightened the Gameboy on the market with a series of excellent games, such as Super Mario Land and the Legend of Zelda. The Gameboy went on to become the second most popular mobile gaming device in history. In 1990, the Sega Game Gear was released – it was deliberately marketed as a more ‘mature’ alternative to the Gameboy. It had a large, full-colour screen and a better sound than the Gameboy. Sega abandoned the system 7 years later due to its quality limiting its success. The Tamagotchi was released in 1996 with the intention of giving teenage girls an idea of what it would be like to have the responsibility of looking after a baby. It quickly became very popular and spread around the world overnight. The success of the Tamagotchi brought mobile gaming to a much larger audience as it was very simple, had a low price and a huge popularity with girls which was a new level of success. 1998 saw Nintendo release the Gameboy colour, with a slight design change and coloured cases. It was a huge success for Nintendo, who had a lot more ambitious plans in store.One of the most well-known mobile games is snake – mobile gaming reached a very wide audience with the success that came from a range of Nokia mobile phones pre-installed with the extremely simple game, Snake. The origins of the game itself can be traced back to 1970′s arcade game called Blockade. 2001 saw the new and improved Gameboy Advanced. Nintendo dominated mobile gaming in the 1990’s with almost no competition and this new Gameboy Advanced enables Nintendo to continue further. Nintendo dominated the mobile gaming industry, 3 years later in 2004 the Nintendo DS was released. However, the same year, the PSP was released. The PSP represented a huge leap in terms of graphics and sound quality. It was the first handheld system to have a

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n optical disc format instead of cartridges. The PSP could also browse the internet which was a first for handheld devices. In 2007, the smart phone era began – Apple released the iPhone 2G featuring a hugely impressive computing power and a desktop-like screen, with some games demonstrating it had the same graphics as a PlayStation. The Apple App Store was opening in 2008 which is when the gaming really started to take off. Apple was soon followed by Google who entered the market in 2008 with the Android OS. The app shop on an Android is called Google Play. The most important advantage, that Android had, was that they were able to run it on a huge range of smartphones.

History of gaming consoles – video games have drastically improved in a relatively short period of time. I am going to be discussing the history of the video game industry from the early 70’s until the mid 2000’s. 1972 saw the first real video game, Pong, and 42 years later we have seen 8 different generations of video game console with many different improvements. The Magnavox Odyssey was created from the idea of the brown box and released 1972, it was the first commercial home gaming system ever released. 3 years later Magnavox released two new gaming platforms – these new consoles were very similar to the original release of the Odyssey with slight improvements to its graphics. In January 1977 Atari released the Atari 2600 and video pinball – 1 year after Atari released their two platforms, Nintendo released its first series of colour consoles in Japan following in Atari’s footsteps. 1980 saw company Mattel release ‘Intellivision’ which was made to challenge the Atari 2600 – the Intellivision featured slightly better graphics than the Atari 2600 and it also had the first use of voices in a video game – the same year also saw the game Pac-Man being released. Pac-Man is one of the most significant video games in history and is still widely popular today. In 1983, the incredibly popular Mario Bros was released by Nintendo – it was the first game in an ever-growing Mario Bros franchise. A very significant RPG (role-playing game) was released in 1986 called The Legend of Zelda, some say it is the most significant RPG ever. 1990 saw a significant increase in the use of game storage on compact discs – also known as the death of the cartridge. Sony stepped into the market in 1994 with its first ever release of the PlayStation. This was a vital moment in the history of gaming. 6 years after its first release, Sony released the PlayStation 2 – it featured the ability to play games from its previous console and also had online capability. 2001 saw Sony’s rivals Xbox release Halo, which was a very successful first person shooter – Halo has grown to become one of the most popular games in history. As Nintendo fell from popularity in the home gaming market it becomes more popular in the portable gaming industry – Nintendo released the GameBoy advance with backwards capability, allowing games to be played from all Nintendo consoles. 2005 saw PlayStation try to challenge Nintendo with the release of the PlayStation Portable which featured high-quality graphics and things like wireless connectivity. One year after Sony released their third console onto the market, PlayStation 3 which dominated the gaming market along with other gaming systems.

As the gaming industry is rapidly growing there is a new market for handheld devices e.g. smartphones and tablets. The competition between Sony, Microsoft and Nintendo has increase with the growth of the industry – there is now a big rush to invent ‘secondary gaming devices’ for players. I think that a lot of people will want to see PlayStation/Xbox Mobile on iOS – however it would mean Sony and Apple would have to work together, but it could be a way for future gaming as a lot of people have mobile/smart phones so it would mean people could still play on the move. The next-gen PlayStation is reportedly going to be the size of a hard drive – it will communicate with an online service (a platform allowing gamers to download the latest titles and compete against each other). It will also include the very popular power light in blue which is a colour well-known for the PlayStation. If Xbox didn’t need a hard disk drive then it is rumoured that Microsoft would make more of a Kinect motion sensor, according to experts. The future Kinect will be able to communicate with Xbox live which allows users to purchase games online. It is rumoured that Sony have taken their first step with integrating their Playstation 3 console with the Sony handheld device (PS Vita) via the ‘cross play feature’. This feature allows gamers to stop playing on one device and resume on another. As the internet is becoming faster and more reliable, cloud gaming has began to rocket within the industry. The gaming industry sees the cloud as an opportunity to give an easy access to games like there is music and movies.