Flaps Slots E Slats

The slats are powered by both the green and blue hydraulic systems. The flaps are powered by both the green and yellow hydraulic systems. If one hydraulic system fails, the associated surfaces extend and retract at half speed. If one SFCC fails, all of the flaps and slats operate at half speed. High lift devices include slats, slots, and flaps. Wings have to generate a lot of lift during take-off and landing to reduce the chances of a stall. The speed below which the aircraft goes into a stall is known as stall speed. Flight Simulator X. An easy explanation on what these surfaces of control do in an airplane. Hi all, After landing, during a taxi-in process in LFBO with Slats/Flaps retracted, by distraction, I pushed throttles forward and triggered the SLAT+FLAP not in T/O CONFIG warning. After reducing TLA to idle and even after shutting both engines off, this warning remained on EWD. Should disappea. All I am getting confused (and I think others are) Are they Handley-Page Slots or Handley-Page Slats Slots are usually fixed, while Slats are automatic Is the confusion because when a Slat extends it becomes as 'Slot' I have a report of a Armstrong Whitworth Atlas incident in 1931 which was had a contributory feature that the 'Slots Sealed rather than with Slots Unsealed' - which indicates to.

GITAM University, India

Correspondence: Vasishta Bhargava, Sreyas Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hyderabad, India

Received: February 07, 2019 Published: April 22, 2019

Citation: BhargavaV. Importance of slat and flap devices on aircraft wings. MOJ App Bio Biomech. 2019;3(2):59- 61. DOI: 10.15406/mojabb.2019.03.00100

With advent of latest manufacturing processes in aviation industry, ways toimprove the aerodynamic performance of aircraft wings have been researched by several companies in aviation and defence industry. These new design and manufacturing techniques help to enhance the aerodynamic behaviour of aircraft wings at high or very high Reynolds number which typically conform to the cruising altitudes of aircrafts as well as during landing and take-off stages. The slat and flap devices usually serve as extensions to main aerofoil element of an aircraft wing and intended to divert the turbulent flow along the chord length and improve the maximum lift coefficient by 40-60%. More so than before, these methods have also aimed to achieve improved fuel efficiency by up to 10-13% by drag reduction. With a net change of 24% in fuel prices in aviation turbine fuel seen over the last decade, the future of commercial aviation will continue to look for advanced technologies in design of aircraft wings that are promised to provide safe and reliable air transportation.

Keywords:slat, flap, aerofoil, lift coefficient, drag coefficient

Slats and flaps are high lift devices, intended to produce maximum lift coefficients on aerodynamically designed wings of aircraft. The use of aerodynamic extensions are done in order to increase the effective plan form area of wing thereby generating extra lift force required for an aircraft wing. A typical passenger aircraft has three stages in a flight during which the high lift devices are deployed and retracted when required. From Figure 1A, there are seven types of extensions. The first one known as plain flap is attached to trailing edge; second one is slotted flap and has cove in the aft region of main element. A split flap is integrated into the main element and activated by means of a lever near the trailing edge. A zap flap is similar to a split flap but operates using a hinged kinematic mechanism present at the main element along with a crank and lever actuator to retract and deploy when required. The most frequently used flap in aircraft is Fowler flap which forms a unique combination with main element, since it operates using a servo mechanism with a transverse beam support along the wing span. Hence to increase the lift coefficient, the no of slots can be added in order two or three and arranged in tandem at the trailing edge of aerofoil. This is done to augment maximum lift coefficient at a given angle of attack and to enable the lateral stability of aircraft during rolling manoeuvre.¹

Figure 1B shows the arrangement of high lift devices on the main wing during take-off and landing stages. Figure 1C depicts the leading edge nose profile of a real wing mounted with slat and supported using a servo hinge for deployment. Figure 1D illustrates the fowler flap devices of a Boeing 747-400 deployed during landing. Figure 2A&2B depicts the innovation cycle of aircraft wing design evolution over time.

Flaps Slats

Figure 1 (A) Different types of flap and slat configurations on aircraft wing1 (B) Position of flap and slap devices during several aircraft modes² (C) Ventilated slat on leading edge (D) Slotted fowler flaps of Boeing 747-400 during landing.

Figure 2 (A) Roadmap for innovation cycle (adapted from)⁴ (B) Illustration of aircraft wing innovations.

The aircraft wing experiences a turbulent boundary layer flow over its surface, caused due to velocity or pressure fluctuations and responsible for generation of lift. The amount of lift produced varies with geometry parameters of aerofoil and depend on three key variables viz. gap distance,² overhang length and deflection angle³ of flap and slat devices integrated to main aerofoil. The deployment of flap and slat configurations to main aerofoil is done for the take-off stage partially since velocity of aircraft is low. The high lift and low drag action produced as result also helps to increase the pay load capacity or take-off weight of an aircraft. For smooth landing conditions the aircraft must again slow before the touch down on runway for which the trailing edge flap devices are deployed to produce high lift and high drag on wing surface. This arrangement also allows the pilot to have a better visibility through nose up or nose down attitude of aircraft. The slat and flap combination produces a mechanism which effectively increases the camber and total wing area distributed along wing span. From Figure 3A slat contribution to lift augmentation at a given angle of attack is significant and increases the maximum C_L or L/D ratio by 10-15%. Presence of leading edge slat delays the boundary layer flow separation and stall over main aerofoil. Further, it improves the flow control by proper mixing of mass, increase the momentum of air stream and also reduce the flow induced noise. Figure 3B shows the sectional lift coefficient comparison for plain and slotted wings. The maximum C_L of 3 is obtained for wing using a fowler flap with ~35% improvement.

Figure 3 (A) Maximum lift coefficient, CL vs angle of attack, α for aerofoils with slat. (B) Comparison of maximum lift coefficient, CL vs angle of attack, α, and drag polar, CL/CD for various types of flaps with respect to baseline aerofoil.

The maximum C_L obtained will also vary after long operational hours of aircraft when surface smoothness deteriorates and impacts the boundary layer transitions on wing. The take-off or landing speeds for aircraft vary between 240 -300 km/h and a function of acceleration distance on ground, climb rates with a slope angles between 2⁰ and 3⁰. The thrust to weight ratio, span wise wing loading, maximum lift coefficient, pressure and friction drag from ground rolling are other factors which affect the take-off attitude of aircraft⁴ In contrast the landing performance depend on additional parameter known as the approach angle. The structural load on wing during landing is kept low while it is high in cruise conditions of aircraft. Empirical studies have found that pay load capacity increase roughly an order of 15 – 20 % with a change of 3% in maximum C_L or glide ratio of a wing. The design process of such wings involve advanced tools like 2D and 3D CFD flow solvers to resolve the complex boundary layer flow physics. Figure 4 shows the common types of trailing edge extensions used in Boeing, Douglas and Airbus aircraft. It can be noted that no of trailing edge slots to generate maximum lift vary with aircraft manufacturer and flight range.

Figure 4 Schematic view of trailing edge flap/slat configurations used in Boeing, Airbus and Douglas aircrafts (adapted).^1,4

The maximum no of passengers in Boeing B-7xx series allows a gross tonnage of 560-600 tons and take--off payload between 60-80 tons. Figure 5A shows the geometry of 30P- 30N and general aviation multi-element aerofoils.Figure 5B illustrates the pressure coefficient distribution at 60 AOA computed for Mach number of 0.1 The lift produced on wing is affected by angle of attack distribution along the wing span. The gradient pressure recovery along the wing chord during ascent and descent conditions also serve to reduce aerodynamic pressure drag and allow the smoother air flow control over the wing surface. By reducing drag, the reduction in fuel consumption is achieved by average of 5% during such flight conditions.⁵

Figure 5 (A) Geometry of 30P-30N and GAW-1 aerofoils (B) Pressure coefficient, Cp distribution using 2D viscous panel method for 30P-30N and GAW-1 aerofoils at 60 angle of attack (AOA) and Reynolds number (Re) of 6.2 x105, M-0.095 (C) Illustration of chord Reynolds number and turbulent boundary layer thickness, δ in m, on main element for 30P-30N and GAW-1 aerofoils at 60 AOA using 2D viscous panel method.

Innovations in commercial passenger aircraft design are associated with application of interdisciplinary research in aerodynamic design methodologies, materials technology. Aerodynamics of morphed wing structures made from novel materials is giant step in improvement of the aircraft flight characteristics and provides impetus in aviation industry.

©2019 BhargavaV.. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially.

• 2Common types
  • 2.2Movable slats

Introduction

High lift devices are movable surfaces or stationary components that are designed to increase lift during some phases or conditions of flight. It is most frequently utilised during takeoff and initial climb and the approach and landing phases of flight, but may also be used in any other low speed situation. They accomplish this by increasing both the surface area and the camber of the wing. The leading edge of the airfoil can also be equipped with high lift devices.

Common types

The most common types of leading edge high lift devices are fixed slots, movable slats, leading edge flaps and cuffs.

Fixed slots

Fixed slots direct airflow to the upper wing surface and delay airflow separation at higher angles of attack. The slot does not increase the wing camber, but allows a higher maximum lift because the stall is delayed until the wing reaches a greater angle of attack.

A good example of an aircraft which uses fixed slots is the Zenith CH750, light utility airplane.

Movable slats

Movable slats consist of leading edge segments that move on tracks. It can be either automatic, or powered and controlled by a pilot.

Automatic slats

They open and close aerodynamically. When air approaches the leading edge of an airfoil, it divides; some flowing over the top of the wing and some flowing over the bottom. The spot where the airflow splits is called the 'stagnation point. 'When the airfoil is at a low angle of attack, the stagnation point is on the leading edge. When the airfoil is at a high angle of attack, the stagnation point moves below the leading edge and behind the slat. Air flowing up and over the wing pushes the slat open.

For example, a German Bf-109 fighter uses automatic flaps.

Powered slats

They appear on many large aircraft and provide the same benefits as an automatic slat. However, they are electrically or hydraulically powered - increasing reliability. The flight crew sets the slat position via cockpit controls.

For example, this is how powered slats look like on a Boeing 737.

Leading edge flaps

Leading edge flaps, like trailing edge flaps, are used to increase both the lift coefficient and the camber of the wing. This type of leading edge device is frequently used in conjunction with trailing edge flaps and can reduce the nose-down pitching movement produced by the latter. As is true with trailing edge flaps, a small increment of leading edge flaps increases lift to a much greater extent than drag. As flaps are extended, drag increases at a greater rate than lift.

As an example, leading edge flaps on the wing root of a B737-200.

Flaps And Slats

Cuffs

Leading edge cuffs, like leading edge flaps and trailing edge flaps, are used to increase both CL-MAX and the camber of the wings. Unlike leading edge flaps and trailing edge flaps, leading edge cuffs are fixed aerodynamic devices. In most cases, leading edge cuffs extend the leading edge down and forward. This causes the airflow to attach better to the uppersurface of the wing at higher angles of attack, thus lowering an aircraft’s stall speed. The fixed nature of leading edge cuffsextracts a penalty in maximum cruise airspeed, but recent advances in design and technology have reduced this penalty.

The best modern example of cuffs is used on the Cirrus SR-20/22.

See also

Reference

• Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge by FAA - Chapter 6 Flight controls
• SKYbrary library - High lift devices
• boldmethod.com

Author

• 531824 - Creation

DATE OF SUBMISSION

• 03:59, 10 December 2020

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